转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)信号通路在成熟有机体和发育中的胚胎中都参与了许多细胞过程,这些过程包括细胞生长,细胞分化、细胞凋亡、细胞动态平衡等其他细胞功能。尽管TGF-β调控许多细胞过程,这些过程相对来说都比较简单。TGF-β类配体与II型受体结合,II型受体招募并磷酸化I型受体,I型受体在磷酸化受体调控的SMAD蛋白(R-SMAD),这些蛋白再与coSMAD结合。R-SMAD/coSMAD复合体作为转录因子在细胞核内聚集,参与目标基因表达的调控。
1.Smad信号转导
Smad蛋白是TGF-β家族受体下游的信号转导分子。在哺乳动物中有八个Smad,Smad1~Smad8。根据在TGF-β信号转导中的功能差异,他们被分为三类:(1)受体调控的Smad(receptor-regulatedSmad,R-Smad1/2/3/5/8):和其它与许多激酶-底物反应一样,TGF-βI型受体对R-Smad的磷酸化需要它们的直接结合。R-Smad C末端SXS基序(X指代M或V)中的丝氨酸能直接被TGF-β I型受体磷酸化而导致R-Smad活化,其中Smad2/3被TGF-β/activin/nodal亚家族的I型受体ALK4/5/7磷酸化,而Smad1/5/8则主要被BMP/GDF/AMH亚家族的ALK2/3/6和ALK1磷酸化。(2)通用Smad(common Smad,Co-Smad-Smad4):磷酸化的R-Smad与Co-Smad/Smad4聚合并继续传递信号。R-Smad与Smad4的聚合主要以异源三聚体的形式存在,并以二聚体的形式发挥作用,这可能与基因启动子区的结构有关。最终导致R-Smad-Smad4复合物在细胞核内的积累并调控靶基因转录。(3)抑制型Smad(inhibitorySmad,I-Smad -Smad6/7):抑制型Smad主要起抑制信号转导的作用。I-Smad(包括Smad6和Smad7)是TGF-β信号的关键负调控因子;它们本身是TGF-β/BMP的靶基因,因此形成负反馈的调控模式。Smad7是TGF-β家族的广谱抑制蛋白,而Smad6更特异性的抑制BMP信号,尤其是ALK3/6介导的信号。
2.非Smad信号转导通路
很早以前科学家们就发现TGF-β/BMP细胞因子能在多种细胞中激活一些非Smad信号分子。比如TGF-β活化的TGF-β RI通过磷酸化ShcA而诱导形成ShcA/Grb2/Sos复合物,并进一步通过Ras-Raf-MEK通路激活ERK MAPK;TGF-β受体诱导TRAF6催化TAK1发生K63连接的多聚泛素化修饰,然后通过MKK激活JNK和p38 MAPK;BMP也能通过TAK1/TAB激活MAPK通路。TGF-β还能诱导其受体与PI3K的调节亚基p85结合,激活PI3K及其下游的Akt或者PAK2激酶;非受体酪氨酸激酶FAK能与p85结合并控制Akt/PAK2的活化。此外,TGF-β能调控RhoA、LIMK1/2、PP2A、eEF1A1等信号分子活性。TGF-β诱导的非Smad通路通常依赖于不同的生理/环境条件和细胞类型,并与Smad通路一起介导TGF-β诱导的生物学反应,比如上皮细胞-间充质细胞转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)、肿瘤细胞的迁移与侵袭、成纤维细胞的增殖与形态改变,以及组织纤维化等。
3.TGF-β诱导的非Smad通路
TGF-β诱导的非Smad通路能够对Smad信号进行调控。ERK、JNK和p38 MAPK能够磷酸化R-Smad和Smad4,尤其是它们的linker区。这种磷酸化既可能促进,也可能抑制Smad的活性,这依赖于细胞类型以及细胞所处的生理环境。Akt直接结合Smad3并抑制它被受体的磷酸化、入核转运和转录活性。
靶标 |
产品货号 |
产品名称 |
反应种属 |
应用 |
AKT1 |
db1672 |
AKT1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db14851 |
Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF |
db11063 |
Phospho-AKT1 (Thr450) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,IP |
db20221 |
Phospho-AKT1 (Ser124) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IP |
db8405 |
Phospho-AKT1 (Ser129) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db1727 |
Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF |
db20482 |
Phospho-AKT1 (Thr450) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,IP |
ATF2 |
db7901 |
ATF2 Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP |
db9930 |
ATF2 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,FC,IP |
db13059 |
ATF2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,FC,IP |
db12625 |
ATF2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP |
db2397 |
Phospho-ATF2 (Thr71) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,ICC/IF,IP |
db11934 |
Phospho-ATF2 (Thr71) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human, Mouse |
WB, ICC/IF, IP |
ERK1/2 |
db11649 |
ERK1/2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db758 |
ERK1/2 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db13437 |
Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP |
db14364 |
Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP |
db6570 |
ERK1/2 (1B4) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P |
db6122 |
ERK1/2 (4A4) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db6298 |
ERK1/2 (4F3) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db6621 |
ERK1/2 (9A4) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P |
db269 |
Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP |
db1066 |
Phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Thr185) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,IP |
db6576 |
Phospho-ERK1/2 (Tyr222/Tyr205) (10C8) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P |
db6548 |
Phospho-ERK1/2 (Tyr222/Tyr205) (1H4) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P |
FGF1 |
db8467 |
FGF1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db1519 |
FGF1 Rabbit pAb |
Human, Rat |
WB,IHC |
db14936 |
FGF1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
JNK |
db6223 |
JNK1 (1A4) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF |
db12544 |
JNK1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db13511 |
JNK1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db8572 |
JNK1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db58 |
JNK1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db11220 |
Phospho-JNK1 (Thr183/Tyr185) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IP |
db20141 |
Phospho-JNK1 (Thr183/Tyr185) Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IP |
MAP2K6 |
db6294 |
MAP2K6 (8A11) Mouse mAb |
Human,Rat |
WB,IP |
p38 MAPK |
db6168 |
p38 (5A1) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat,Monkey |
WB |
db6586 |
p38 (6F5) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P |
PP2A |
db13474 |
PP2A alpha/beta Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db12340 |
PP2A alpha/beta Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db1977 |
PP2A alpha/beta Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db3342 |
PP2A alpha/beta Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
RAF1 |
db12651 |
Raf1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF |
db2779 |
Phospho-Raf1 (Ser259) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC |
db12158 |
Phospho-Raf1 (Ser259) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC |
db4640 |
Raf1 Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF |
RHOA |
db76 |
RhoA Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,FC |
SMAD1 |
db967 |
Smad1 Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC |
db14871 |
Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IP |
db4962 |
Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,ICC/IF,IP |
db20386 |
Phospho-Smad1 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IP |
SMAD2 |
db6171 |
Smad2 (6H5) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,ICC/IF |
db11807 |
Smad2 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db20289 |
Phospho-Smad2 (Ser250) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,FC |
db11432 |
Phospho-Smad2 (Ser250) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,FC |
db11942 |
Phospho-Smad2 (Ser255) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,IP |
db2401 |
Phospho-Smad2 (Ser255) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,IP |
db2071 |
Smad2 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,FC |
db3650 |
Smad2 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
SMAD3 |
db11519 |
Smad3 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC |
db13313 |
Smad3 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IP |
db13792 |
Phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/Ser425) Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF |
db6578 |
Phospho-Smad3 (Ser425) (7H6) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
IHC-P |
db1169 |
Phospho-Smad3 (Ser423/Ser425) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF |
db6613 |
Smad3 (4H4) Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P |
db8795 |
Smad3 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IP |
db1007 |
Smad3 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC |
SMAD4 |
db14376 |
Smad4 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
db30179 |
SMAD4 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human |
IHC |
db5616 |
Smad4 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db8761 |
Smad4 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ICC/IF,FC,IP |
SMAD5 |
db6059 |
Smad5 (4B10) Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB,ICC/IF,FC |
db599 |
Phospho-SMAD5 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC |
db20992 |
Phospho-SMAD5 (Ser463/Ser465) Rabbit pAb |
Human |
WB,ICC/IF |
db8393 |
SMAD5 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC |
db11228 |
Smad5 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC,ICC/IF,FC |
TGF-beta 1 |
db1315 |
TGF beta 1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db13117 |
TGF beta 1 Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
XIAP |
db11787 |
XIAP Recombinant Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
db5527 |
XIAP Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |